Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

Sunday, May 18, 2025

Love for All Creation

 This message was intended to be given during worship this weekend, however, with some miscommunication, I did not end up preaching as planned.  That said, I think the message worthy of sharing, so this is offered now for those who wish to enjoin with it regardless if I was able to deliver it this weekend.


Love for All Creation

 

Acts 11:1-18; Psalm 148; Revelation 21:1-6; John 13:31-35 (White)

 

Key Verses

 

6 As I looked at it closely I saw four-footed animals, beasts of prey, reptiles, and birds of the air. 7 I also heard a voice saying to me, ‘Get up, Peter; kill and eat.’ 8 But I replied, ‘By no means, Lord, for nothing profane or unclean has ever entered my mouth.’ 9 But a second time the voice answered from heaven, ‘What God has made clean, you must not call profane.’ – Acts 11:6-9

 

5 Let them praise the name of the Lord,

    for he commanded and they were created.

6 He established them forever and ever;

    he fixed their bounds, which cannot be passed.[a]

7 Praise the Lord from the earth,

    you sea monsters and all deeps,

8 fire and hail, snow and frost,

    stormy wind fulfilling his command!

9 Mountains and all hills,

    fruit trees and all cedars!

10 Wild animals and all cattle,

    creeping things and flying birds! – Psalm 148:5-10

 

1 Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. 2 And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. – Rev 21:1-2

 

34 I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. 35 By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.” – John 31:34-35

 


 

Message

 

“Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.”[1]

 

Let us pray.  “Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable to you, O Lord, my rock and redeemer.”[2]  Amen.

 

Good afternoon and welcome to the eve of summer.  This week’s weather certainly made it clear that winter is past and we are in for a very warm period ahead.  In ruminating on the appointed scriptures for this week, I couldn’t but be pulled towards and underlying theme that permeated through them.  There are also several contemporary events and shifts that spoke to me.  So, as I dive in here, I wish to beg some forgiveness if I go a bit too deep into what I am hearing here and maybe you are not.  To me, this set of lessons is all about God and His creation, specifically God and His creation and our role and how we are to view it and act within it for his glory and the glory of all He has made.  As you may be well aware, one of my core passions is related to sustainability and care for creation, and as such, this, again, may be “tickling my ears” in some sense.  I hope that what I share, however, resonates with what the Spirit is calling us all to hear.

 

Let’s begin with the oldest of the scripture readings this week, which, of course, is not the first lesson, but the Psalm.  The psalms are too easily forgotten as lessons to us, but they too are a part of the scripture.  Martin Luther famously leaned on the psalms, especially Psalm 118, during his imprisonment at Coburg Castle.  As Stephen J. Nicoles puts it, “Luther loved the Psalms, first lecturing on them in 1513–1516. His immersion in the Psalms certainly impacted the events of 1517. After the Ninety-Five Theses, Luther returned to the Psalms again and again. He started a practice of reading the Psalms through the day at seven designated times. This enabled him to read through the Psalter in two weeks. He kept disciplined at that practice throughout most of his life. He read the Psalms hundreds of times. He studied and lectured on the Psalms. He translated the Psalms into German. It is fair to say that Luther lived in the Psalms.”[3]  To that, we ought not forget that the Psalms speak to us as scripture as much as any other part of the Bible, this week’s selection being a case in point.

 

Psalm 148 is clustered at the end of that book and is among the “praise psalms” that bring these numerous ancient songs, poetry, and canticles to a conclusion.  What is striking here to me, if we look back at the verses, is how this litany of praise centers heavily on the nature of creation and the created order.  Specifically: 

 

“5 Let them praise the name of the Lord,

    for he commanded and they were created.

6 He established them forever and ever;

    he fixed their bounds, which cannot be passed.[a]

7 Praise the Lord from the earth,

    you sea monsters and all deeps,

8 fire and hail, snow and frost,

    stormy wind fulfilling his command!

9 Mountains and all hills,

    fruit trees and all cedars!

10 Wild animals and all cattle,

    creeping things and flying birds!”[4]

 

Alongside angels and the heavens, are “creeping things and flying birds.”  More than half the verse speak directly about creation and about how creation is itself a demonstration of God’s glory and grace in the world.  And it makes clear that creation is fully part and parcel to every single aspect of life, the life he gives and calls us to live.

 

As I am sure you are well aware, we now have a new Pope in Rome, Leo XIV who is the successor of Pope Francis.  Leo, like his predecessor, has already made clear that caring for creation is an imperative of Roman Catholics.  This is evident and made clear in Francis’ first encyclical, “Laudato Si”: On Care for Our Common Home.  While not a Lutheran document, and admitting that encyclicals can have their issues, this one has so much that transcends denominational boundaries.  To that, Francis echoed Psalm 148 when he offered that, “The entire material universe speaks of God’s love, his boundless affection for us. Soil, water, mountains: everything is, as it were, a caress of God.”[5]  This was certainly presaged when the ELCA adopted the Social Statement, “Caring for Creation:  Vision, Hope and Justice” back in 1993.  This earliest of social statements of our church offers that “Scripture witnesses to God as creator of the earth and all that dwells therein (Psalm 24:1). The creeds, which guide our reading of Scripture, proclaim God the Father of Jesus Christ as “maker of heaven and earth,” Jesus Christ as the one “through [whom] all things were made,” and the Holy Spirit as “the Lord, the giver of life” (Nicene Creed).”[6]  It goes on to say that “God blesses the world and sees it as “good,” even before humankind comes on the scene. All creation, not just humankind, is viewed as “very good” in God’s eyes (Genesis 1:31). God continues to bless the world: “When you send forth your spirit, they are created; and you renew the face of the ground” (Psalm 104:30). By faith we understand God to be deeply, mysteriously, and unceasingly involved in what happens in all creation. God showers care upon sparrows and lilies (Matthew 6:26-30), and brings “rain on a land where no one lives, on the desert, which is empty of human life” (Job 38:26).[7]

 

This is evident in the first lesson for today and the dream sequence that Peter experiences.  Peter still caught up in his Jewish identity, has been focusing on what is “clean and unclean” to the exclusion of the call by God to recognize all of his creation was created good.  In this dream God shows Peter a host of creatures that Judaism and their misapplication of the Mosaic codes had declared “unclean”.  “… four-footed animals, beasts of prey, reptiles, and birds of the air.”[8]  God instructs Peter to “Get up, …; kill and eat.”[9]  Peter’s reply?  “By no means, Lord, for nothing profane or unclean has ever entered my mouth.”[10]  It seems that Peter forgot to hear Jesus when he “… called the crowd to him and said to them, ‘Listen and understand:  it is not what goes into the mouth that defiles a person, but it is what comes out of the mouth that defiles.’”[11]  Peter however is reminded in this dream that “What God has made clean, you must not call profane.”[12]  No, instead, that what God has created is “good” and not profane.  And we have a calling to both remember that and act accordingly.

 

On this topic, Luther, in his Large Catechism, speaks emphatically about creation and our role in it.  He offers “For even though otherwise we experience much good from men, still whatever we receive by His command or arrangement is all received from God. For our parents, and all rulers, and every one besides with respect to his neighbor, have received from God the command that they should do us all manner of good, so that we receive these blessings not from them, but, through them, from God. For creatures are only the hands, channels, and means whereby God gives all things, as He gives to the mother breasts and milk to offer to her child, and corn and all manner of produce from the earth for nourishment, none of which blessings could be produced by any creature of itself.[13]  In another place Luther offers, “Now, since all that we possess, and, moreover, whatever, in addition, is in heaven and upon the earth, is daily given, preserved, and kept for us by God, it is readily inferred and concluded that it is our duty to love, praise, and thank Him for it without ceasing, and, in short, to serve Him with all these things, as He demands and has enjoined in the Ten Commandments.”[14]  “For if we believed [this] with the heart, we would also act accordingly, and not stalk about proudly, act defiantly, and boast as though we had life, riches, power, and honor, etc., of ourselves, so that others must fear and serve us, as is the practice of the wretched, perverse world, which is drowned in blindness, and abuses all the good things and gifts of God only for its own pride, avarice, lust, and luxury, and never once regards God, so as to thank Him or acknowledge Him as Lord and Creator.”[15]

 

In other words, God exists, in with, and through all of creation, and what we do to and with creation is an expression of what we believe about God.  If we abuse the world, the creation, we are abusing God, we commit sin.  Instead, we are called to respect, love and tend to the garden, the creation, that God has blessed us with.  Yet, if we are paying attention, we are not doing that very well.  This is clearly evident in the continuing climate crisis that, and as my colleague Curt Stager at Paul Smiths says, “The truth is, the overwhelming consensus — from climate scientists, the U.S. military, global insurers and even Exxon’s own researchers — is that human-driven climate change is real, it’s mainly being caused by the combustion of fossil fuels, and it’s already reshaping our world.”[16]  Curt, a climate scientist, and former human caused climate change skeptic, has been accumulating one of the most robust sets of local climate data we have on record.  From temperature change to when ice goes in and out on St. Regis Lake, to days of snow ground cover, to changes in local plant and animal species, he has demonstrated with clear evidence that the warming of the planet is having effects on all of us here and now.  As he says, “The science behind human-driven climate change is so strong now that denying the central role of greenhouse gases is a waste of time that serves nobody but the fossil fuel interests who continue to fund such naysaying. Moving forward to find solutions with the support of the best available science is both a responsibility and a path to empowerment. It’s about choosing to be well informed, to care for our communities, and to protect the people and places we love.”  While not using the language of faith, he is saying the same thing Francis, and Luther, and scripture itself tells us, we have a responsibility to care for creation.

 

But for how long are we to care for creation?  To what end?  Those are great questions. And we get a glance at that in our second lesson today.  John of Patmos, in his cataclysmic vision, helps us to understand the end-game for God and his creation.  AS it is written there:  “… I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.”[17]  It goes on to say that “See, the home of God is among mortals.  He will dwell with them; they will be his peoples, and God himself will be with them and be their God; …”[18]  And it offers that God is “… making all things new.”[19]  What John is seeing here is that creation itself has a huge role to play in the end times and the finality of all things.  We are not going to be whisked off to some far off heaven, as the false throey of the rapture would have you believe.  No, this very creation we live in, itself, will become a new thing.  God will remake it, come down and make it wholly restored.  This is precisely what we are praying for when we pray in the Lords prayer that “May your kingdom come. May your will be done on earth as it is in heaven.”  So we are to care for creation, be its good stewards, and take part fully as we go headlong into the end times, the times we are in today.

 

God, knowing we needed signs and tangible markers of his truth.  So he did indeed, come down from heaven, and became a human, in our likeness as the creeds tell us.  Christ, God incarnate, was and is, and ever will be our guiding light to understand what God’s glory means for us.  This is why in today’s gospel, Jesus articulates his relationship with God and as God; glories, upon glories, all brought together in creation itself.  And it is also whey Christ instituted holy communion, a sacrament that helps us, today and whenever we celebrate the eucharist, tap into this God-power of glorious grace and love.  God distills out of the meekest parts of his creation, grains of wheat and fruit of the vine, a corporeal instance where he is intimately in touch with us through his body and blood.  He is declaring, through this sacrament that He is “through, with, and under” all of creation, but especially in this celebration, for the forgiveness, and ultimate unwinding of sin.

 

So, as we continue on our journey, it is upon us that we listen to and do what we can to steward those things we have been given, ourselves, our time, and all of creation.  All creation is a sign of God’s unending love.  As he implores us in the gospel today, we need to love one another, each person, each plant, each animal, each stone.  We need to love as God has loved us.  We are to be visible signs, just as much as the signs we see in the incarnation of Christ and in the eucharist, for the world.  We need to be seen by everyone that we are His disciples.  And to do that we have to have love for one another.  Let us go out, then, and demonstrate our love for all of creation.  Amen.



[1] 2 Corinthians 1:2

[2] Psalm 19:14

[4] Psalm 148:5-10

[5] Laudato Si, 84

[6] Caring for Creation:  Vision, Hope and Justice, ELCA, 1993, pp. 2

[7] Caring for Creation:  Vision, Hope and Justice, ELCA, 1993, pp. 2

[8] Cf. Acts 11:6

[9] Cf. Acts 11:7

[10] Cf. Acts 11:8

[11] Cf. Matthew 15:10-11

[12] CF. Acts 11:9

[17] Cf. Revelation 21:1-2

[18] Cf. Revelation 21:3

[19] Cf. Revelation 21:5


Monday, March 16, 2020

Resilience in the age of COVID-19



Today is 16 March 2020 and I am writing this post to “clear the air” regards to the realities and challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 crisis that is striking the globe.  Now, I am not a medical professional, an immunologist, a public health professional, or even a biologically focused person.  I do, however, listen and know many of these people.  I also read carefully and respectfully what the experts are putting out for us to digest.  This said, however, I am also a person that knows quite a bit about emergency planning and emergency response thanks to specific assignments and experiences in the US Army.[1]  Further, in my work at George Mason University and at Clarkson University studying and executing preparations to build resilience of campuses and communities, I can also speak to how we can and should react so as to best mitigate the effects of any kind of disaster, including an infectious disease crisis.  It is from that perspective, therefore, I will begin and end this discussion.

To begin with, resilience, simply put is the ability of a system, a society, or an individual, to “bounce back” from a disruption, trauma, disaster, or other stressor.  Here is how Merriam-Webster defines reliance:

“noun
1: the capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress
2: an ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change”[2]

To that end, one of the most popular ways to depict and describe the topic of resilience is using the reliance curve (also known as the critical functionality curve for resilience) as illustrated in Figure 1:

Figure 1. General form of the resilience curve as defined by rebound

For more on this curve, what it describes and useful for as well as its critiques and limitations, please watch this very informative set of videos by a colleague of mine, Dr. Thomas Seager of Arizona State University, made with others from the Naval Post Graduate School, in the area of speaking about infrastructure:

Critical Functionality Curve (1 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure – Explanation:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX9Evd5374s.[4]
Critical Functionality Curve (2 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure – Critique:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSIYsyDyEdw[5]
Critical Functionality Curve (3 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure – Alternatives:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1OhvCzDF74[6]

Thus, what is critical to understand is that the recovery time and total functional rebound from an event is dependent upon the depth of absorption required of the system, society, or individual.  To that end, efforts to build resilience focus on how to both minimize the stressors as well as increase the capacity to absorb said stressors.  Thus preparation and learning can aid in the latter (capacity to absorb) and anticipation of, and adaption during, the acute trauma or stress enables the ability to aid in the former (minimize the stressor).  In the current crisis regarding the COVID-19 outbreak, we are no longer in a preparation stage nor are we in an anticipation stage (it is here).  While we are certainly constantly learning, where we are now is in the stage where we need to adapt in order to mitigate the depth of absorption our systems must take, lest they are unable to recover.

This brings us then to the nature of this crisis and the nature of what the COVID-19 virus means to our social and medical systems.  One of the best ways to get a handle on what the COVID-19 crisis is doing is to check out the John’s Hopkins live mapping tool for tracking cases of the disease:  https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.  What is important to track is the graphic on the bottom right of the chart, shown here as Figure 2:

Figure 2. COVID-19 Virus spread over time, as of 16 March 2020

So you will note, in this tracking tool, that while the rise in Chinese cases occurred earlier (late January through mid-February), the rest of the world is having a much higher spike (driven largely by the European cases) well in advance of the rate of the Chinese cases per day.  The Chinese rate of infection, we have to remember, was, in part, initially hidden but also a result of extreme restrictions on behavior, which have now resulted in a leveling out of the infection rate.  What we are seeing elsewhere ought to alarm us, as we have seen situations like this before, historically, and in open societies, we are wont to take the draconian measures the Chinese have taken.

Let us touch first on the history.  In 1918, at the end of World War 1, an outbreak of a new disease, termed “the Spanish Flu,” broke out across the world.  This virus was not traditional influenza, but an H1N1 avian flu disease.  What makes this similar to the contemporaneous COVID-19 outbreak, is that this was a novel virus that had not struck before.  For that reason, like today, “[w]ith no vaccine to protect against influenza infection and no antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections that can be associated with influenza infections, control efforts worldwide were limited to non-pharmaceutical interventions such as isolation, quarantine, good personal hygiene, use of disinfectants, and limitations of public gatherings, which were applied unevenly.”[8]  To that note about uneven application, the following chart, Figure 3, is illustrative of the effects in two communities, Philadelphia, PA and St. Louis, MO. 

Figure 3. Effects of social distancing on the 1918 flu epidemic

Succinctly, the chart illustrates what happened when social distancing, as an adaptive measure, was applied and when it was not.  The consequence was that failure to implement an effective adaption strategy resulted in system overload and a serious spike in deaths as a result of the outbreak.  Returning to the resilience curve, the system was not able to absorb the impact and thus resulted in many more deaths than when adaptive measures were employed.  As is seen in the St. Louis case infections and deaths still occurred, but that both the intensity (number of deaths per day) as well as the magnitude (total number of deaths; area under the curve) was minimized.  Again, when it was a novel disease outbreak, a stressor to use resilience language, adaptive measures were critical to ensuring a better rebound and recovery from the disaster.

Many have inappropriately categorized this outbreak as being nothing other than a “flu breakout”, going as so far as to say and cite that there have been more deaths as a result of influenza this year, so far, as have been from COVID-19.  Were this 1918, that might be an apt comparison, but this is 2020.  As such, when it comes to influenza in 2020 as it compares to COVID-19 in 2020, several things are critical to consider.  First, for the flu we have a vaccine and we have treatment regimens that don’t require hospitalization in large numbers within short periods of time.  Second, making it worse, the mortality rate (number of deaths per incident of known infection) is higher than we see in contemporaneous flu strains,[10] both as a consequence of the lack of a good preventative as well as its mode of attack in the body.[11]  Third, this is a novel virus, so tracking the cases has not been as good as we do with the flu, but what we’ve seen so far is much more concerning.[12]  Fourth, the rate of infection (the slope of the curve), is not as steep for flu (illustrated in Figure 4) as for COVID-19 (illustrated in Figure 5).  So the problem here is the RATE of infection is exceptionally high (we are currently tracking with Italy and Iran) with a treatment requirement that uses a high amount of resources (it’s a pneumonic disease requiring ventilators in many cases), without a known pharmaceutical solution (either as a vaccine or a drug treatment regimen).

Figure 4. Cumulative Rate of Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations

Figure 5. Cumulative Rate of Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations


Returning then to resilience as a way to analyze this problem, what is needed is to slow the rate of infections to allow us to a) buy time so we can get a better non-hospital treatment in place (which may not happen for another 12-18 months),[15] and b) not overwhelm the limited hospital based resources we have (roughly 35 ICU bed per 100,000, unevenly distributed around the country).[16]  To do that, we need to do things to slow the spread and prevent those most vulnerable from getting it inadvertently (noting that, again unlike the flu, the incubation period can be over 14 days from contact to symptoms appearing).[17]  This means, to use a hypothetical, that 4th grade Julie can have contracted the virus from neighbor Bill and consequently share it with her whole class including Bobby, Shelly, and Bart who all live with their ailing grandparents who are particularly susceptible and have a higher mortality rate.  What we need to do is follow the public health recommendations to keep physical separation and work to curtail anything non-essential.  The reason for this is that what has been termed “social distancing” is an adaptive tool that has proven effective to slow the rate of the spread of the disease, so as to make its transmission and treatment manageable.  This is illustrated in the chart below, Figure 6.

Figure 6. Social distancing effect on cumulative cases of corona virus

All of this requires us to maintain a level head and manage the adaption process carefully but swiftly so as to address the crisis in the best way possible.  Our goal is to engage in adaptive capacity while at the same time not compromising the systems that are responsible for absorbing the impact of this stressor.  To that end, we need to take this in a measured serious way.  For instance, we need to recognize that by running out and hoarding goods, we are likely to make the situation worse or take away from those in greater need than ourselves.  We still need to have access to basic needs and we still have to have the ability to have medical services operate effectively.  This means we’ve got to have truckers on the road and shippers shipping and fuel stations for the above, and so on and so forth.  Yes, we need to keep all of that to a minimum, and we need to keep the interactions between everyone to as small a set of numbers as possible, but we can’t “close everything”, otherwise we’ll exacerbate the problem by not getting the needed supplies and personnel to where it’s needed as well as have people not having the things they need to survive at home.  We also need to recognize that what we are trying to do is to slow the rate of infection, not stop the infection itself.  We can’t currently stop it (as articulated above) and engaging in mass psychosis about being infected will only heighten fears that lead to non-rational behaviors and longer term damage than the disease itself.[19]

So, what do we need to do to accomplish that.  First, we need to minimize our physical space contact with one another.  Avoid large gatherings, avoid places where significant infection is underway, and avoid doing anything that is not necessary.[20]  If you can work from home, we need to move to that mode.  Further, we need to support mission critical workers (health workers, emergency management professionals, military members, public service employees, key logistics support members, etc.) with having patience and forgoing on-demand items as well as only buying and getting what you need.  Luckily, we have technology we can rely on to make much of this happen.  But we also have to recognize not everyone is so equipped, so we also need to look out for our neighbors and families and help where we can.

Next, get with your public officials and deliver the message that they need to lead us by telling us we have to make some sacrifices in the short-term hardship now to avoid widespread devastation later.  Do so, however, by telling them to shut-down all non-essential services and carefully keep running, and manage well, the absolutely minimally essential services and goods to see us through.  Do NOT insist on having them “close everything,” which will only stoke fear and cause problems for the overall response system that we are relying on.  To that end, public language needs to be very clear to say what we mean and mean what we say.  This means we have to have leadership not obscure facts nor heighten fears, but instead provide steady, concerted and concerned messaging that follow the best advice our public health community can provide us.[21]  And these leaders do have to make the tough choices that will require us to forgo wants (as compared with bonafide needs) until we can have better handle on the rate of infection and have treatments that can mitigate mortality rates across the board.

Finally, we ought to remain humble enough to pray or otherwise connect with our spirituality.  Some may see this assertion as inappropriate for an otherwise academically focused post.  That, however, is actually false.  Spirituality has been shown in several studies to be a key coping mechanism that enables greater resiliency to traumas.[22]  To that end, if not already making this connection, I would encourage us to do so amidst this challenge to ourselves and our broader society.  This may not be by going to your normal worship services if that is your norm, but it does mean that we should connect with one another and with our spiritual side to enable us to have the necessary hope from which to build as we recover from this stressor.  We are in this together and its key that we make that a priority.

To conclude, what we in the resilience community know is that we need to do our best, in the midst of a crisis to adapt and to minimize the core disruptions so that we can reduce the depth of impact and amount of time to recovery.  This is not the end, this isn't the Black Death, but a disruption; one we can and will recover from.  To that end, we need to do all of the above to stay resilient and enable us to come out as well as we can on the other side.  Thanks and all the best to you and all of us in these challenging times.





[1] one of which was a 3-year stint at a FEMA liaison officer at the Pentagon dealing with many a crisis from Super-storm Sandy to fires in California to the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa.
[2] “Definition of RESILIENCE,” accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resilience.
[3] Azad M. Madni, Dan Erwin, and Michael Sievers, “Constructing Models for Systems Resilience: Challenges, Concepts, and Formal Methods,” Systems 8, no. 1 (March 2020): 3, https://doi.org/10.3390/systems8010003.
[4] Critical Functionality Curve (1 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure - Explanation, accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX9Evd5374s.
[5] Critical Functionality Curve (2 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure - Critique, accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSIYsyDyEdw.
[6] Critical Functionality Curve (3 of 3) for Resilient Infrastructure - Alternatives, accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1OhvCzDF74.
[7] “Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-NCoV),” accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.
[8] “1918 Pandemic (H1N1 Virus) | Pandemic Influenza (Flu) | CDC,” June 26, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html.
[9] Carolyn Y. Johnson et al., “Social Distancing Could Buy U.S. Valuable Time against Coronavirus,” Washington Post, accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/social-distancing-coronavirus/.
[10] “No, Coronavirus Isn’t ‘Just Like The Flu’. Here Are The Very Important Differences,” accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.sciencealert.com/the-new-coronavirus-isn-t-like-the-flu-but-they-have-one-big-thing-in-common.
[11] “Yale New Haven Health | Influenza (Flu) vs Coronaviruses,” accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.ynhhs.org/patient-care/urgent-care/flu-or-coronavirus.
[12] “Yale New Haven Health | Influenza (Flu) vs Coronaviruses.”
[13] CDC, “Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report (FluView),” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 13, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm.
[14] Dylan Scott, “How the US Stacks up to Other Countries in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases,” Vox, March 13, 2020, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/3/13/21178289/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-us-countries-italy-iran-singapore-hong-kong.
[15] “Coronavirus Vaccine: Development, Timeline, and More,” accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-vaccine.
[16] “SCCM | United States Resource Availability for COVID-19,” Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), accessed March 16, 2020, https://sccm.org/Blog/March-2020/United-States-Resource-Availability-for-COVID-19.
[17] Tomas Pueyo, “Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now,” Medium, March 15, 2020, https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-act-today-or-people-will-die-f4d3d9cd99ca.
[18] Pueyo.
[19] “How Fear of Contagious Diseases Fuels Xenophobia,” Stanford Graduate School of Business, accessed March 16, 2020, https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/how-fear-contagious-diseases-fuels-xenophobia.
[20] Pueyo, “Coronavirus.”
[21] Pueyo.
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